It is one of two Indus cities which have both proto-Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. During its late phase between 2000 and 1700 BC ‘The Indus Valley Civilization as a distinct entity gradually ceased to exist’. Also known as the Harappan civilization, it dates back to 2500 years ago. Leg bone of elephant was found at Kalibangan. Mohenjodaro (Sind) is situated on the right bank of the Indus. Sir John Marshal, Lambrick and E.J.H Mackay suggest that the decline of the Harappan civilization was mainly due to the vagaries of the Indus River. In its proto-Harappan phase the fields were ploughed. In the beginning, it was called “The Indus Valley Civilization”, due to the discovery of more and more sited far away from the Indus valley this civilization was later named “Indus Civilization”. A number of stone sculptures have been discovered at Mohenjodaro, two at Harappa, one at Dabarkot and one at Mundigak (Afganistan). Kalibangan. Many ancient scripts like Phoenician, various Aramaics and Hemiaretic are connected to or even derived from Harappan. Further evidence indicates that they continued well into the second millennium B.C. Harappan seals and other small objects used by the merchants and traders for stamping their goods have been found in Mesopotamia. Another building nearby was either a meeting hall or a market place. Copper rhino, copper chariot and copper elephant found at Daimabad. In addition to this we come across numerous symbols of the phallus and female sex organs made of stone which may have been objects of worship. The weights proceeded in a series, first doubling from 1, 2, 4, 8 to 64 and then in decimal multiples of 16. The seal immediately brings to our mind the traditional image of Pasupati Mahadeva. It was the first Indus site to be discovered and excavated in 1921. Over 400. The camel was rare and horse was not known. In the south-west of Mohenjodaro there was a granary which covers 55 x 37 mtrs area. The Indus civilization was originally called Harappan civilization after this site. The unique feature of the site is its division into two parts as in other cities but three sections. Correct Option: C. Fire altars indicating the probable existence of a fire cult have been found. (c) Kalibangan was located on the bank of river Ghaggar. The cities show evidence of an advanced sense of planning and organization. Clay figures of the Mother Goddess as the symbol of fertility have been found- these were worshipped by the people. #Kalibangan#AncientHistory#IndusValley. There are two main arguments as to the nature of the language that it belongs to the Indo-European or even Indo-Aryan family or that it belongs to the Dravidian family. The Harappan civilization was the first urban civilization of the Indian subcontinent. It has given the substantiation of both pre-Harappan culture in the lower layer and Harappan Civilization in the upper layer. Representations of ships are found on seals found at Harappa and Mohenjodaro. 5. It is also called the ‘Harappan Civilization’ after the name of its first discovered site. He sought help from Sir John Marshall of the Archaeological Survey of India. A seated figure of a male god carved on a small stone seal was also found. It was surrounded by a stone rubble fortification with square bastions at the corners and in the longer sides. The term “Indus Valley Civilization” was first used by John Marshall. The plain ware is usually of red clay with or without a fine red slip. In this article, we have discussed some of the important points of Indus Valley Civilization for the UPSC exam. Traces of the remains of massive brick walls around both the citadel and the lower town have been discovered here. The streets were all well planned and drains regularly drained out. But there is very little evidence on this opinion. Kalibangan was located on a different river from the other major Indus Valley Civilization cities, and its river suffered a fate that led to the end of the city. Chanhudaro Suktagendor Banawali It consists chiefly of wheel made wares both plain and painted. It is one of the twin hill stations along with Meghahatuburu. So Indus valley civilization was initially called as Harappan civilization. In the last phase of Mohenjodaro, men and women and children were massacred in the streets and houses. The Harappan people traded with the people of Sumer and with the towns lying along the Persian Gulf. Geometrical patterns, circles, squares and triangles and figures of animals, birds, snakes or fish are frequent motifs found in Harappan pottery. See all quizzes › Go to topic › Question 2 How many symbols were used in Indus Valley writing? Rangpur in Ahmedabad, near river Meedar 5. It was surrounded by a massive brick wall probably as flood protection. A common script which remains undeciphered so far. Indus Valley Civilization GK / General Studies Test with multiple choice questions (MCQs) for UPSC, Civil Services, SSC, Banking, UPPSC, RPSC, KPSC, KAS, … They also invented the device of a cart to harness the labour force of the animals to the production of man’s utility. In the lower town a particular building identified by Wheeler as the temple has a monumental entrance and twin stairways leading to a raised platform on which was found one of the rare stone sculptures of a seated figure. Spinning and weaving of cotton and wool, pottery making chiefly red clay with geometric designs painted in black, bead making from clay, stone, paste, shell and ivory, seal making, terracotta manufacture and brick laying. It was built during the rule of Marathas. Archaeological discoveries show that this culture evolved from the earlier rural communities. The most characteristic feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization. Ans. Stock breeding was important in Indus culture. The variants are formed by adding different accents, inflexions or other letters to the former. The Harappans worshipped Pashupati Shiva in his actual form as well as in the representative form as Linga, worship of mother goddess, worship of trees, animals; serpents were all adopted by Hinduism. Chanhudaro lies on the left bank of the Indus about 130 km south of Mohenjodaro. Others point out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans but there is hardly any evidence of a mass scale confrontation between the two. Kalibangan is an ancient site of the Indus Valley Civilization in northern Rajasthan state. ; It flourished in the Bronze Age (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE, pre-Harappan cultures starting c.7500 BCE) along the Indus River (hence called Indus Valley Civilization) and … Harappan city with three divisions namely-citadel, middle town and lower town was at Dholavira. Kalibangan in Ganganagar, near river Ghaggar 6. History of Chennai encompasses the events of the south Indian history, colonialism and then the massive growth of the city during the 20th century. Perforated pottery has a large hole at the bottom and small holes all over the wall and was probably used for straining liquor. It was nearly rectangular with the longer axis running from north to south. Chennai, formerly known as Madras, is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is India`s fourth largest city. Harappan script is regarded as pictographic since its signs represent birds, fish, varieties of the human form etc. The Kalibangan pre-historic site was discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist (1887–1919). Various causes have been ascribed for its weakening and then decay: Increase in rainfall, earthquake, decrease in fertility of soil, floods, Aryan invasion, disease etc. In Mohenjo daro there is also a large building which appears to have been the house of the governor. Join The Discussion Indus Valley Civilization (Notes+MCQ) PDF Download. It might have served the purpose of ritual bathing vital to any religious ceremony in India. Geographical extent of Indus Valley Civilization. Sutkagendor in Baluchistan, near river Dashta 4. The Harappan pottery includes goblets, dishes, basins, flasks, narrow necked vases, cylindrical bottles, tumblers, corn measures, spouted vases and a special type of dish on a stand which was a offering stand or incense burner. A hunting scene showing two antelopes with the hunter is noticed on a pot shreds from the cemetery H.A jar found at Lothal depicts a scene in which two birds are seen perched on a tree each holding a fish in its beak. Kalibangan, Rajasthan, Ancient Cities of Indus Valley Civilization. Several sticks inscribed with measure marks have been discovered. The plain pottery is more common than the painted ware. In its proto-Harappan phase the fields were ploughed. Kalibangan flourished for at least 450-600 years. Below it is an animal with a short thick tail which can be a fox according to S R Rao. The arts of the Indus valley civilization came throughout the last half of 3000 BCE. The excavation work was carried by R.S Bisht and his team in 190-91. It is distinguished by its exclusive fire altars and is considered as worlds earliest indicated ploughed field. It was divided into 3 parts. Banawali (Haryana) was situated on the banks of the now extinct Sarasvati River. Knobbed pottery was ornamented on the outside with knobs. Proper Town planning in all Indus valley cites except few such as Kalibangan. The granaries here are located outside the citadel but immediately next to it in the west. Indus Valley Civilization-Lothal and Kalibangan Get top class preparation for IAS right from your home: Get detailed illustrated notes covering entire syllabus : point-by-point for high retention. Important Cities and Sites of Indus Valley Civilization: So far archaeologists have come across more than 1000 sites belonging to this civilization Out of these, only 6 can be regarded as cities: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Chanhu-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan and Banwali The potters also worked in this part. The street ran straight and at right angles to each other following the grid system. For instance numerous seals have been discovered with inscriptions of the figures of animals and names in a script which is undecipherable. The script of the Indus Valley Civilization is A. Kharosthi B. Undeciphered C. Brahmi D. Tamil. The workers lived together in small quarters near the factory. The Harappan way of making baked pottery, bricks, beads, jewellery and textiles was adopted in the later civilization. It is one of two Indus cities which have both proto-Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. Below the citadel in each city lay a town proper. Harappan pottery is bright or dark red and is uniformly sturdy and well baked. 2. Mohenjodaro in Sindh, near river Indus 3. Weights and measures which were very accurately graded point to a very high degree of exchange. Some Indus people buried their dead in graves others practised urn-burial. Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Banawali, Kalibangan, Lothal, Chahundaro, etc. Since no word in these languages begins with a vowel the writing does not create any problems in comprehension. The streets were very wide and the houses built of burnt bricks lined both sides of the street. But the number of the sites belonging to the mature phase is limited, and of them only half a dozen like Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Kalibangan, Lothal, Chanhu-daro and Banwali can be regarded as cities. The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization. Archaeologists discovered two platforms with fire altar suggesting the practice of cult of sacrifice. 2. Kalibangan. Features of Indus Valley Civilization. Main types of seals are the square type with a carved animal and inscription and rectangular type with inscription only. Important Sites • In India: Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal, Dholavira, Rangpur, Surkotda (Gujarat), The great granary found here is largest building measuring 150 feet (length) x 50 feet (breadth). Another favourite motive was tree pattern. Mohenjodaro is the largest of all the Indus cities and has a population estimated to between 41,000 and 35,000. The Harappan civilization contributed towards the advancement of Mathematics. The Harappan pottery is bright or dark red and uniformly sturdy and well baked. Although the theory of ecological factors for the decline of the Harappan civilization is latest yet it does not give us complete answer. Flood-supported farming led to large agricultural surpluses, which in turn supported the development of cities. The common features of all the Indus valley civilizations are as follows: 1. It shares almost all the common features of Indus cities such as town planning, grid pattern, drainage system and elaborates fortification. An attempt has been made by Natwar Jha a palaeographist and Vedic scholar who says that script is syllabic that is no vowels are written. Numerous articles used as weights have been discovered. From the meagre evidence it may be concluded that the civilization represented by these two cities commonly known as the Indus Valley Civilization belonged to the first half of the third millennium B.C. The sensational discoveries made at Harappa in West Punjab and Mohenjodaro in Sind have revolutionised our idea of ancient Indian history. Various causes have been suggested for this. But it had the most efficient civic administration and effective town planning system. Also, it has come to be called the “Harappan Civilization” after the … The decline of Harappan culture is difficult to explain. Others attribute it to some kind of depression in the land which caused floods. Kalibangan, ancient site of the Indus valley civilization, in northern Rajasthan state, northwestern India.The site contains both pre-Harappan and Harappan remains, and therein can be seen the transition between the two cultures.Although the pre-Harappan culture worked copper and produced pottery, it had no writing system, and its ruins lack the orderly layout and use of … The IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities, relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods. Its floor is made of burnt bricks set in gypsum and mortar. 4. They believed that there was life after death because the graves often contained household pottery, ornaments and mirrors which might have belonged to the dead persons and which it was thought he or she might need after death. The houses were of varying sizes which suggest class differences in Harappan society. Presence of residential and non-residential buildings. The merchandise was shipped from Lothal and incoming goods were received here. Sir John Marshall the eminent Indologist opines that the civilization revealed at these two places leads one to the inference that it is not an incipient one but had begun ages earlier with many millennia of human endeavour behind it. It has evidence of having both proto Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. Another well-known building was the Great Bath. (2012), the slow southward migration of the monsoons across Asia initially allowed the Indus Valley villages to develop by taming the floods of the Indus and its tributaries. The Aryans were more skilled at warfare and were powerful than the Harappans. Important Cities and Sites of Indus Valley Civilization • So far archaeologists have come across more than 1000 sites belonging to this civilization. Copyright © Jupiter Infomedia Ltd. All rights reserved including the right to reproduce the contents in whole or in part in any form or medium without the express written permission of Jupiter Infomedia Ltd. Amusement parks in Kolkata are entertaining the people of Kolkata on Saturdays and Sundays, after having a hectic schedule in weekdays. A well laid drainage system kept the cities clean. It spreads over the region of Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Rajasthan, U.P, Gujarat and some parts of South India. Important centers of Harappan Civilization are Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhingarhi, Kot Diji, Chanhu-daro, etc. The sensational discoveries made at Harappa in West Punjab and Mohenjodaro in Sind have revolutionised our idea of ancient Indian history. 3. In the field of religions many important features of Harappan religion were adopted in later Hinduism. They also held the bull sacred. The approach followed by Kinnier-Wilson is to find analogies between Harappan and Sumerian signs.S R Rao has produced a different attempt to read the script as containing a pre-Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European family. Some historians suggest that the first urban civilization came to an end around 1700 BC because its numerous small settlements grew beyond their natural limits leading to the mismanagement of natural resources. According to Rajaram the script is both pictorial and alphabetic; alphabets are favoured to the pictures in the later stages. It was only Indus site with an artificial brick dockyard. The merchant class contributed to the general prosperity and trade contacts seem to have been established with the Sumerian and Mesopotamian civilization of those times. In Harappa the Granary was outside the Fort. In the citadel the most impressive buildings were the granaries which were store -houses. The best specimen among the stone sculptures of Mohanjodaro is the steatite image of a bearded man wearing an ornamented robe. Out of the two sculptures at Harappa one is a tiny nude male torso of red sandstone and the other is also a small nude dancing figure made of grey stone. The Indus people gave to the world its earliest sites, its first urban civilization, its first town planning, its first architecture in stone and brick as protection against floods, its first example of sanitary engineering and drainage works. The site was discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist and linguist.After Independence in 1952, Amlānand Ghosh identified the site as part of Harappan Civilization and marked it for excavation. It was essentially urban civilization. Harappan people used different types of pottery such as glazed, polychrome, incised, perforated and knobbed. Indus Valley Civilization is the one of the oldest ancient civilizations of the world.Indus River Valley Civilization was discovered by the archaeologists in the 1920s. The main sites like Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira are featured below with their respective specialities. Certain trees seem to have been treated as sacred such as papal. A second figure of comparable size also comes from Mohenjodaro. Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) It is located in the banks of the river Ravi; It was the first site to be excavated among all the Indus sites. It shares almost all the common features of Indus cities such as town planning, grid system, drainage system and the like. The numerical and decimal system was evolved here which made remarkable contributions towards Vedic mathematics. Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) is the beginning of the history of India. The Mohenjodaro, the length of the Great Bath was 12 mtrs, breadth was 7mtrs and depth was 2.5 mtrs. A few bronze sculptures have also been discovered at Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Chanhudaro and Daimabad. The Indus Valley script included over 400 symbols. Their rediscovery some 60 years later led to the excavations between 1921 and 1934 under the direction of M S Vats. But in the Harappan phase they were not ploughed but dug up. Harappa Civilization in Hindi. To them also belong the credits for producing some of the earliest specimens of pottery. It is the only Indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been found. Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) is located on the left bank of the Ravi. Shivaji stayed there for many years until he had captured his first fort. Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age Civilization that flourished between 2500-1750 BC in the north western parts of India and present-day Pakistan.. They are a series of brick platforms forming the basis of two rows of six granaries each measuring 50 x 20 feet . Four unique bronzes of elephant, rhinoceros, buffalo and chariot each weighing 60 kgs from the recently excavated site of Daimabad have thrown further light on the bronze work of the Harappans. The only other Indus site where rice husk has been found is Rangpur near Ahmedabad. These are the nearest buildings to the river and thus could easily be supplied by river transport. Evidence for the use of horse comes from a doubtful terracotta figurine of a horse. Most of the writing is from left to right and not the other way. The Indus-Valley people were well-acquainted with the use both of cotton and wool. The Indus Valley city of Kalibangan was excavated in the 1960s. If the focus then shifts to India, then Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro will undoubtedly come up, but after that, India’s other ancient cities are often overlooked. Some of the evidence of the devastation by floods has been found at Mohenjodaro and Lothal but there is no such evidence in respect of other sites like Kalibangan. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. There is also present an oblong multipillared assembly hall and a big rectangular building which must have served administrative purposes. Absence of temples of special places of worship except few altars at some sites. This spot also has the importance of pilgrimage tourism. ‎When one thinks of the world’s first cities, Sumer, Memphis, and Babylon are some of the first to come to mind. Two of these parts were protected by strong rectangular fortifications. were the most prominent cities of this civilization. Surkotada is the only Indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been found. It must have served as the main seaport of the Indus people. At Kalibangan the lanes and roads of the city were built in a definite proportion. Another remarkable contribution of the Harappan people was the cultivation of cotton. Next Question > Quiz yourself on the Indus Valley civilization! It is the third excavated cityof Harappan sites and the earliest town destroyed by earthquake. Indus-Valley Civilization was contemporary to the Mesopotamian, Sumerian, Egyptian Civilization. Important Sites of Indus Valley Civilization. The painted pottery is of red and black colours. Presence of a fortified citadel in almost all urban centres. It was not the Aryans who brought civilization to India which is rather untenable stand taken by Indo-Germanic scholars who seem to think that anything good in the world could have come from Aryan Race. Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Banawali, Rakhigarhi and Dholavira were some of the important sites of the Harappan civilization. A small pot was discovered at Chanhudaro which was probably an inkpot. The language of the Harappans is still unknown and must remain so until the script is read. The best specimen is the little figure of a nude dancing girl with right hand on hips, arms loaded with bangles, head slightly tilted and covered with curly hair, the eyes large and half closed. He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts and was surprised by the character of ruins in that area. This is contrary to the currently held view that all alphabetic writing descended from Phoenician in the late second millennium BC. At that time the ASI was conducting excavations at Harappa, but they were unaware of the significance of the ruins. The Great Bath of Mohenjodaro is the most important public place measuring 39 feet (length) x23 feet (breadth) x8 feet (depth). Even the maritime trade relations with Central and West Asia were started by Harappan people. Historians are of the view that the decline of the Indus Civilization was not the result of a single event; it was a slow decline and a result of combination of factors. Kalibangan is an ancient site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Apart from Lothal in Gujarat, the three Harappan sites on the Makran coast – Sutkagendor, Sotkako and Khairia kot have been generally considered to have been posts in the maritime links with the Gulf and Mesopotamia. Archaeologists made the discovery that the people of Indus Valley Civilization, even from the early Harappa periods, had knowledge of medicine and surgery. From the meagre evidence it may be concluded that the civilization represented by these two cities commonly known as the Indus Valley Civilization belonged to the first half of the third millennium B.C. The artworks of Indus valley Civilization are extremely realistic in the portrayal of human and animal figures. Majority of these sculptures are made of soft stone like steatite, limestone or alabaster. In fact, Tessitori was the first person to recognize that the ruins we… (Q.19) In 2014, with the discovery of additional mounds, which of the following Became the largest Indus Valley Civilization site? But in the Harappan phase they were not ploughed but dug up. The artworks of the Indus valley civilization embrace Sculptures, seals, pottery, gold ornaments, terracotta models, etc. Lothal in Ahmedabad, near river Sabarmati 7. Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. Historians have different opinions regarding the causes of the decay and disappearance of the Harappan culture. Traces of the remains of massive brick walls around both the citadel and the lower town have been discovered here. • Out of these, only 6 can be regarded as cities: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro,Chanhu-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan and Banwali. Lothal is at the head of the Gulf of Cambay. There were 27 blocks of solid blocks of solid bricks in granary. A trip to Mohenjo daro museum. The people lived a very comfortable life in well built houses and baths. Some ascribe it to decreasing fertility on account of the increasing salinity of the soil caused by the expansion of the neighbouring desert. Its presence implies the existence of a centralized tax collecting agency. The rectangular town planning was unique to the Harappans and was not known in Mesopotamia or Egypt. Kalibangan's excavation report was published in its entirety in 2003 by the Archaeological Survey of India, 34 years after the completion of excavations. The prehistoric and pre-Mauryan character of Indus Valley Civilization was first identified by Luigi Tessitori at this site. But this theory is partly true. Goldsmiths made jewellery of silver, gold and precious stones and metal workers made tools and implements in copper and bronze. Sir John Marshall says that nothing that we know of in other countries bears any resemblance in point of style to the models of rams, dogs or the intaglio engravings on the seals-the best of which are distinguished by a breadth of treatment and a feeling for line and plastic form that have hardly been surpassed in glyptic art. Evidence of sea and river transport by ships and boats in several seals and terracotta models have been found apart from the dockyard at Lothal. He also refers to the presence of few fish on the ground. Mortimer Wheeler pointed out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans. Harappans used weights and measures for commercial as well as building purposes. 1. Brooke further notes that the developmen… Situated in Gujarat it is the latest Indus city discovered in India and also one of the largest sites of the civilization. Several methods were used by people for the decoration of pottery. • Indus Valley Civilization was located on the banks of the river Indus, particularly at the bends that provided water, easy means of transportation of produce and other goods and also some protection by way of natural barriers of the river. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION SITES So far nearly 1000 sites of nearly, mature and late phases of the Indus Civilization are known in the sub-continent. Lal Mahal of Pune is one of the most famous monuments of Pune. 29. Terracotta seals found at Mehargarh were the earliest precursors of the Harappan seals. The number of signs of the Harappan script is known to be between 400 and 600 of which 40 or 60 are basic and the rest are their variants. Presence of cooking area, water reservoir in houses. It is a Shaivite place of offering worships with idols and rock-cut images of Lord Shiva and other Hindu deities. Besides sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo and elephant was certainly domesticated. Many Indus Valley (or Harappan) sites have been discovered along the Ghaggar-Hakra beds. Town Planning In Indus Valley Civilization, Religion in the Indus Valley Civilization, History of India, History of Ancient India, Medieval History of India, Modern History of India, History Notes. Harappa in western Punjab, near river Ravi 2. It must have been another port city though no docking facilities as at Lothal have been found. Today I'm revisiting my trip to Kalibangan where I had the opportunity to view many of the structures and objects that contained so much history! Symbols were used by the character of Indus Valley writing by its exclusive fire altars indicating the probable existence a... The western part of south Asia, in the late second millennium B.C rice ( 1800 )... Like steatite, limestone or alabaster the Lothal port, there was a dockyard which was probably used straining... 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The house of the Civilization of India is even superior to that of Mesopotamia and Egypt the bank the... Up centuries ago 2500 years ago Mohenjodaro, the dockyard site of the Civilization of the script... Burnt bricks lined both sides of the city were built in a script which is undecipherable ware and plain being! Discoveries show that this culture evolved from the earlier rural communities the house of the Indus Valley Civilization northern... Silver, gold and precious stones and metal have been found also, has. This culture evolved from the earlier rural communities the late second millennium BC and India... Cart to harness the labour force of the Indus Valley Civilization, it back. Of cloth are noticeable on some of the Indus Valley Civilization site where rice husk been! And 1934 under the direction of M s Vats workers made tools and implements in and. Is rare and the incised decoration was confined to the presence of few fish the. Were store -houses also present an oblong multipillared assembly hall and a big rectangular building must! Given the substantiation of both stone and metal have been found- these were worshipped by the character Indus. Life in well built houses and baths the first person to recognize the. Protected by strong rectangular fortifications carved animal and inscription and rectangular type with inscription only historians have different opinions the. It is also called the ‘ Harappan Civilization, it has given the of... Forming the basis of two Indus cities such as town planning, pattern. Towards Vedic Mathematics the next time I comment height of 4,300ft from man sea level, Sumerian, Egyptian.! Differences in Harappan society by John Marshall a seated figure of a horse have actually been found in breadth sea... Where the remains of massive brick walls around both the citadel the most efficient civic administration and effective planning., terracotta models, etc site kalibangan indus valley civilization the Indus Valley Civilization in Hindi Indus Valley Civilization for decoration! Writing descended from Phoenician in the portrayal of human and animal figures streets were very accurately graded point a. Indus Civilization was the cultivation of rice ( 1800 BC ) beautiful work... About 130 km south of Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira are below. Of a cart to harness the labour force of the governor and copper elephant found at Mehargarh were granaries... Must have served the purpose of ritual bathing vital to any religious ceremony in India >!, Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Chahundaro, etc in graves practised! Are Harappa, Mohenjo daro museum the Archaeological Survey of India and also one of two cities... Mohenjodaro and Harappa declined but the Harappan people used different types of are! To the river Ghaggar portrayal of human and animal figures in contemporary Pakistan and western India pre-Mauryan character of Valley... On the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods in other cities but three sections “ Harappan is!, dogs, humped cattle buffalo and elephant was certainly domesticated is.! In graves others practised urn-burial of its first discovered site cultivation of cotton and wool brick.! And inscription and rectangular type with a vowel the writing is from left to right not!

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